【194天】阅读大杀器:折斩&哇斩(2017军火库第4期)
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真题示例:2005年英语(一)Text 3
注#1:关于“折斩”与“哇斩”的具体介绍详见第1期军火库(回复1查阅)。
注#2:蓝色背景字体是转折句。
[第1段]:[1]Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. [2]In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended(停止,终止) and dead people speak. [3]A century ago, Freud formulated(系统地阐述) his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised(假装,伪装) shadows of our unconscious(潜意识的,无意识的) desires and fears; [4]by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched(转变,转移) to thinking of them as just “mental noise” - the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. [5]Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat(自动调节器), regulating(调控) moods while the brain is “off-line.” [6]And one leading authority(权威) says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.(间接引语) [7]“It's your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it, change it.”(直接引语)(微信号:kaoyanx)
/第31题(标注红色的选项是答案)
Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses(可以在过程中被改变)(哇斩#1:A中“modify”和B中“change”是近义词,命题人明显是在AB中设置答案,所以答案应在AB中选。题干强调是“最终(have come to)”认识到,显然认识结果应具有隐蔽性、深刻性(类似于2005Text1第24题),显然A符合,因为“梦可以被改变”是很难想象到的,超出我们的常识认识。哇斩#2:A强调梦“可以被改变”,说明能被控制,不是“随机性结果”,所以AD表述对立,答案应在AD中选。而根据哇斩#1,答案应在AB中选。综合判断,答案是A。不看文章,直接选出答案)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes(对情感变化很敏感)
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears(反映了我们内心的愿望和恐惧)
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs(是神经修复工作随机性的结果)
[折斩]:参照魔图。根据题干关键词(蓝色字体)定位第1段(见绿色字体,其中“come to”对应“now”),但该段中没有转折句。距该段最近的转折句是①(在下面第2段)。①强调的内容与四个选项均无关。再看紧跟①后面的句子,也是与四个选项均无关。所以,通过转折句找答案已是不可能的了。此时看第1段是否有引语和观点句。仔细阅读发现,第6句(见绿色背景)是间接引语,第7句(见绿色背景)是直接引语。根据第6、7句中的任何一句,都很容易选出A是答案(优先看第7句,因为是直接引语。第6句中的“harnessed”和“brought under conscious control”,以及第7句中的“change”,都是A中“modified”的同义替换)。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[注#1]:如果在定位段中没有转折句,可看距定位段最近的转折句。如果从转折句本身找不出答案,可再看紧跟转折句后面的句子。如果还是找不出答案,再看定位段中是否有引语和观点句,通过它们找答案。具体流程可参照上面的魔图。这道题操作上稍有些复杂(这类题比较少见)。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[注#2]:其实,如果定位段中没有转折句,可直接再看引语和观点句找答案。
[注#3]:引语包括直接引语和间接引语。直接引语是指引号中的内容,间接引语是指转述的内容。如果既有直接引语又有间接引语,优先看直接引语。所以此题优先看第7句。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[注#4]:题干中“have come to do sth.”是个重要句式,是“现在逐渐...”的意思,有“now, by and by”和“now, gradually”之意,所以对应文中的“now”。
[第2段]:Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.①But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex(皮层,皮质) (the center of intellect(智力) and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.(微信号:kaoyanx)
/第32题(标注红色的选项是答案)
By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A] its function in our dreams(它在做梦时的作用)(哇斩#1:题干提到“limbic system”,而问法是“intends to show”,那么答案显然不是就事论事,不会再说与“limbic system”有关的内容。而A“its function”说的是“limbic system”,所以排除A)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep(眼球快速运动时睡眠的机制)
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions(梦与情感之间的关系)(哇斩#2:题干中的“system(系统)”是指一个有机整体,其组成部分是相互作用相互依赖的关系,对应C中的“relation”,所以答案选C。不看文章,直接选出答案)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex(它与控制智力和理智大脑部位的区别)(哇斩#1:同选项A,说的也是与“limbic system”有关的内容,所以排除D)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[折斩]:参照魔图。根据题干关键词(蓝色字体)定位第2段(见绿色字体),该段中有转折句①。①中有一个括号注释,强调的是“emotional”,只有选项C与之对应,所以C是答案。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[注]:括号注释是阅读中的易考点,如果有括号,可先看括号中的内容。
[第3段]:The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. ②Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through(化解) negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events - until, it appears, we begin to dream.(微信号:kaoyanx)
/第33题(标注红色的选项是答案)
The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind(在我们潜意识里加剧)
[B] develop into happy dreams(转化成好梦)
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep(持续到我们睡着)
[D] show up in dreams early at night(出现在上半夜的梦中)(哇斩:题干强调时间词“during the day”,那么选项应该也有时间词与之对应,所以答案应在CD中选。相对于C中时间词“till the time we fall asleep”,D中时间词“early at night”表述更明确,所以答案选D。不看文章,直接选出答案)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[折斩]:参照魔图。根据题干关键词(蓝色字体)定位第3段(见绿色字体),该段中有转折句②,它是一个隐性转折句(句中bad与happier是对比),没有明确的转折词。根据②,很容易选出D是答案。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[第4段]:And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring(重现,反复出现) bad dreams(观点句). As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize(想像) how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course(进程). With much practice people can learn to, literally(确实,实际上), do it in their sleep.(微信号:kaoyanx)
[第5段]:At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic(恐慌,恐惧),” Cartwright says.(间接引语) Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. ③Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist(治疗专家).For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep - or rather dream - on it and you'll feel better in the morning.(微信号:kaoyanx)
/第34题(标注红色的选项是答案)
Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams(及时醒来在化解噩梦中很关键)
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control(想象噩梦有助于控制它们)
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression(让梦顺其自然)
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious(梦并不完全属于潜意识)(哇斩:题干中“seems”对应D中“may”,表述的都是不确定,所以答案选D。不看文章,直接选出答案)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[折斩]:参照魔图。根据题干关键词(蓝色字体)定位第4、5段(见绿色字体,其中“suggest”对应“believes”和“says”),其中第5段有转折句③,句中“For the rest of us”表述转折。③强调的内容与四个选项均无关。再看紧跟③后面的句子,也是与四个选项均无关。所以,通过转折句找答案已是不可能的了。此时看第4、5段是否有引语和观点句。仔细阅读发现,第4段有一个believe引导的观点句(见绿色背景),第5段有一个间接引语(见绿色背景)。先看观点句,说的是可以有意识地控制噩梦重现,这与选项D表述一致(观点句中的“conscious”与D中的“not...unconscious”是同义替换),所以答案是D。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[注]:如果从转折句本身找不出答案,可再看紧跟转折句后面的句子。如果还是找不出答案,再看定位段中是否有引语和观点句,通过它们找答案。具体流程可参照上面的魔图。(微信号:kaoyanx)
/第35题(标注红色的选项是答案)
What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual(跟往常一样过正常生活)(哇斩:题干中“those who sometimes have had dreams”是指正常人(我们有时做噩梦,我们难道不是正常人吗?此处关键词是“sometimes”),所以要过正常人的生活,所以选A。不看文章,直接选出答案)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[B] Seek professional help(寻求专业帮助)
[C] Exercise conscious control(练习控制意识)(哇斩:“练习控制意识”的难度太大,不是一般人能够做到的,不具有可操作性,不应该是作者支持的观点,所以C不像是答案,排除C)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime(白天尽量避免焦虑)(哇斩:D表述不切实际,现实中焦虑是很难避免的,所以D不像是答案,排除D)(微信号:kaoyanx)
[折斩]:参照魔图。根据题干关键词(蓝色字体)定位第4、5段(见绿色字体),其中第5段有转折句③,句中“For the rest of us”表述转折。③强调的是,只要不是长期受噩梦折磨,大脑就能自动消除不良情绪,不必在意噩梦,这与选项A表述最一致。具体可用第一公式(即支持关系)进行判断,即“因为大脑能自动消除不良情绪所以A”比其他选项更合理,所以答案选A。(微信号:kaoyanx)
[注]:其实,根据间接引语(即第5段第一句)也可直接选出答案。
至此,全部5道题中有3道题可“只看转折句”选出答案,有2道题根据“引语和观点句”选出答案。(注意,如果从转折句找不出答案,可看引语和观点句)
另,全部5道题都可“哇斩”选出答案。
掌握了“折斩”和“哇斩”绝技,你绝对是超级考霸!
第一公式(即支持关系)在判断两个词汇/短语/短句是否是同义替换时,给出了一个很好的思路,其简单表述是:
对于X和Y,如果“X支持说明Y”成立,或者说,“因为X所以Y”成立,或者说,“只有X才Y”成立,那么XY表述一致,是同义替换。(微信号:kaoyanx)
需要特别注意的是,在对XY之间的支持关系进行判断时,只要根据生活常识(或平时知识积累)感觉能够自圆其说即可,不必在意逻辑上是否严谨,也不必在意题干和文章在说什么。(微信号:kaoyanx)
文中考到的熟词僻义词汇主要有:
(说明:标注【考】是指文中考到的词义)
literally
/熟义:逐字地;照字面地
/僻义【考】:确实,实际上
harness
/熟义【考】:v.利用
/僻义:v.控制(微信号:kaoyanx)
intellect
/熟义1【考】:智力;思维能力
/熟义2:有才智的人;知识分子
/僻义:出众的才华(微信号:kaoyanx)
process
/熟义1【考】:n.过程;进程(同义替换:course。注意,course是31题答案词)
/熟义2:v.加工;处理(微信号:kaoyanx)
/僻义:v.审核;审议;检查
英语各题型做题时间分配
注:平时要注意按照这个时间分配进行训练。
/阅读的时间掌握在每篇15~20分钟,包括读文章和做题,4篇加起来就是60~75分钟。(微信号:kaoyanx)
/5道翻译的时间控制在半个小时以内,平均1道题就是6分钟左右。
/一般情况下要给作文留出40分钟,否则时间会比较紧张。
/剩下的时间做完形吧,有个20分钟左右,千万别在一道完形题上踌躇不前,只有0.5分,不值。别忘了四道完形才顶一道阅读呢。(微信号:kaoyanx)
/另外,考试的最后5分钟是“垃圾时间”,别指望用这五分钟再做什么惊天地泣鬼神的大事了,检查下姓名考号是否都写了才是正事。
未完待续...
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